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  • Bulk commodities and preciosities

    The increased use of energy and materials in the world economy means that many remote areas around the world have become extractive frontiers from where ‘bulk commodities’ essential to the …

  • Environmental Kuznets Curve

    The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a tool that has been used to observe the impact of affluence on the environment. It is used to model the interrelation between affluence …

  • Affluence and environmental impact

    Affluence relates to the average consumption of each person in the population. A common proxy for measuring consumption is through GDP per capita. While GDP per capita measures production, it …

  • Social metabolism and accounting tools

    The application of the biological concept of metabolism (‘Stoffwechsel’) to social systems can be traced back to Marx who, influenced by Liebig and Moleschott, talked about the ‘metabolism between man …