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  • Weak vs. Strong sustainability

    Capital is often defined as a stock that possesses the capacity to generate a flow of goods and services that satisfy human needs. It is disaggregated into four different types: …

  • Environmental impact assessments (EIA)

    Developed in the mid-1970s, environmental impact assessments (EIA) have been increasingly applied to large and medium-sized development proposals. An EIA is an assessment of the possible impacts – positive or …

  • Natural resource economics and ‘sustainable’ extraction

    The economics of natural resources has a relatively long history dating back to Malthus and Jevons in the nineteenth century and to Hotelling in the 1930s. Hotelling (1931) developed an …

  • Peak oil

    Today, with the depletion of ‘proved reserves’ of oil being only about 40 years away at current consumption rates (BP, 2008), the debate around the limits of non-renewable resources is …